How Do Alleles Determine Traits in Genetics

An allele is an alternative form of a gene (one member of a pair) that is located at a specific position on a specific chromosome. These DNA codings determine distinct traits that can be passed on from parents to offspring through sexual reproduction. The process by which alleles are transmitted was discovered by scientist and abbot Gregor Mendel (1822–1884) and formulated in what is known as Mendels law of segregation. Dominant and Recessive Alleles Diploid organisms typically have two alleles for a trait. When allele pairs are the same, they are homozygous. When the alleles of a pair are heterozygous, the phenotype of one trait may be dominant and the other recessive. The dominant allele is expressed and the recessive allele is masked. This is known as  complete genetic dominance. In heterozygous relationships where neither allele is dominant but both are completely expressed, the alleles are considered to be co-dominant. Co-dominance is exemplified in AB blood type inheritance. When one allele is not completely dominant over the other, the alleles are said to express incomplete dominance. Incomplete dominance is exhibited in pink flower color inheritance from red and white tulips. Multiple Alleles While most genes exist in two allele forms, some have multiple alleles for a trait. A common example of this in humans is ABO blood type. Human blood type is determined by the presence or absence of certain identifiers, called antigens, on the surface of red blood cells. Individuals with blood type A have A antigens on blood cell surfaces, those with type B have B antigens, and those with type O have no antigens. ABO blood types exist as three alleles, which are represented as (IA, IB, IO). These multiple alleles are passed from parent to offspring such that one allele is inherited from each parent. There are four phenotypes (A, B, AB, or O) and six possible genotypes for human ABO blood groups. Blood Groups Genotype A (IA,IA) or (IA,IO) B (IB,IB) or (IB,IO) AB (IA,IB) O (IO,IO) The alleles IA and IB are dominant to the recessive IO allele. In blood type AB, the IA and IB alleles are co-dominant as both phenotypes are expressed. The O blood type is homozygous recessive containing two IO alleles. Polygenic Traits Polygenic traits are traits that are determined by more than one gene. This type of inheritance pattern involves many possible phenotypes that are determined by interactions among several alleles. Hair color, skin color, eye color, height, and weight are all examples of polygenic traits.The genes contributing to these types of traits have equal influence and the alleles for these genes are found on different chromosomes. A number of different genotypes arise from polygenic traits consisting of various combinations of dominant and recessive alleles. Individuals inheriting only dominant alleles will have an extreme expression of the dominant phenotype; individuals inheriting no dominant alleles will have an extreme expression of the recessive phenotype; individuals inheriting different combinations of dominant and recessive alleles will exhibit varying degrees of the intermediate phenotype.

Is it Good to Wear School Uniforms - 673 Words

School uniform has been a controversial issue in the United States. A lot of researchers have debated for centuries on whether or not wearing a school uniform is good. In the United States, most public schools do not require students to wear uniforms. However, students are required to wear uniform in private schools. While in most of the countries, either in a public or private school, required to wear uniforms. They even have summer and winter uniforms according to the weather. Most of the people think that wearing uniforms can help student decrease the rate of gang activity, and behave well in school. However, some of the parents think that wearing the uniform do not have their children’s individual rights. Some of the students think it suffocated to wear the uniform. The downsides are the expenses of buying uniforms for poor people, and violating freedom of expression. Although school uniforms are abrogating students’ rights of expression, school uniform can help imp rove behavior, reduce violence, substance abuse and peer pressure. The use of school uniform is focused on the private school in the United States. Uniforms were made mandatory for â€Å"all students in the belief that they would create an environment conducive to learning and produce an atmosphere of pride, academic achievement, loyalty, unity, and equality among the student population† (Chittom and Ginsburg). In contrast, public school did not require to wear uniforms and open to all students. Parents think itShow MoreRelatedEssay On School Uniforms1388 Words   |  6 Pagesfor Success Many schools have decided that having school uniforms is the best for their students. Other schools don’t want to limit the student’s freedom of speech. Schools can’t decide which is the best - have uniforms or not. School uniforms should be mandatory for all students considering the cost, right to freedom and academic success. One reason why school uniforms should be mandatory is the cost. It is more economical for people because it will be cheaper to buy uniforms rather than to haveRead MoreThe Importance Of School Uniforms In Schools1693 Words   |  7 Pagesprivate and public schools around America have a uniform policy. The idea of bringing uniforms to schools is an issue that has been discussed and argued about for many years. There are very few students who believe that uniforms should be required, and other students just dislike the colors that come with them. Although uniforms have been known to make students look decent, there are many negative side effects that come with them. Some people think that a student wearing a uniform looks well and respectableRead MoreCompulsory School Uniform1094 Words   |  5 PagesThere should be compulsory school uniform. School uniforms should be compulsory for all students at all grade levels. There are many reasons, which justify this, including bullying, uniform makes it a lot easier to identify what school the child goes too and uniform is a lot cheaper then but new clothes all the time. If all students at a particular school didnt wear school uniforms, there would be bullying between the financially advantaged people and the disadvantaged people. The wealthier peopleRead MoreStudents Should Be Required to Wear Uniforms801 Words   |  4 PagesStudents Should Be Required To Wear Uniforms Dress code has always been a problem in schools because students often times don’t adhere to the rules on what they can and cannot wear to school. While clothing is a minor issue when it comes to education; wearing uniforms does seem to improve an educational environment. Are school uniforms good or bad? There are many reasons why students should be required to wear uniforms. Students should be required to wear uniforms because it creates an organizedRead MorePersuasive Essay About School Uniforms993 Words   |  4 Pagesthought of school uniforms seems like an old-fashioned thing for many of us. Unless a student goes to a private school, it is usually not a topic brought within families. Yet throughout different countries, having school uniforms is normal. Students in schools that are required to have school uniforms usually do well academically and seem content in wearing the same outfit every day for school. In recent times, debates have grown stronger with in schools and parents over whether or not school uniformsRead MorePros And Cons Of School Uniforms1158 Words   |  5 PagesSchool Uniforms: Are Boomers and Stickers Affecting the Way People See Them? People say that school uniforms are a good thing. They prevent bullying, they are easier for parents to dress younger students, and they help students focus on studying, not what they are wearing. Are school administrators or boomers of the American school systems causing students to become Wendys Berrys version of stickers? Having students wear school uniforms have several pros and cons to them, including the costRead MoreThe Importance Of School Uniforms955 Words   |  4 PagesFollowing a school dress code can cause an uncomfortable feeling , can be difficult for families and can decrease individual confidence. Would you like to wear a uniform that your school picked out for you every day and never get to be yourself? Uniforms in education should not be required in the United States unless they want to wear them. Barbara Cruz it might be a solution to help reduce bullying in and out of school (18). Uniforms don’t help students perform better in the classroom, and theyRead MoreArgumentation, School Uniform1100 Words   |  5 Pagesgreatly depends on what the situation we are in. For instance, we put on evening suits when we present ourselves at a party of celebrities; on the field, we put on sports wear. Therefore, in elementary and secondary school, I suggest students should put on school uniform to give a consciousness to students that people should wear proper clothes in certain place in order to respect others. As Gilchrish said, clothing is a way to show others that you have respect and consideration for the situationRead MorePros And Cons Of School Uniform Essay834 Words   |  4 PagesAre School Uniforms a Good or Bad Idea? School uniforms has been the cause of debate for many years now. Most students like to wear school uniforms because they believe uniforms make schools (â€Å"safer for students†) and create â€Å"level playing fields† where every student has equal opportunity to succeed and they all apply the same set of rules. However, students and even most parents don’t agree with the enforcement with school uniforms; stating that uniforms take away the right of (â€Å"self-expression†)Read MoreShould School Uniforms be Mandatory? Essay1090 Words   |  5 Pagesopinion of whether schools should require students to wear uniforms. Some schools go through the same argument annually of whether to enforce school uniforms the following school year. A number of people argue that uniforms take away from the students’ individuality, while other people concur that uniforms generate unity within the school. Even though many people disagree with school uniforms, countless reasons are evident that uniforms should be mandatory. School uniforms provide schools with many positive

Chevrolet Europe Free Essays

Che General Motor Corporate Chevrolet Europe marketing plan 1. Company Description General Motors, one of the world’s largest automakers, traces its roots back to 1908. With its global headquarters in Detroit, GM employs 204,000 people in every major region of the world and does business in some 140 countries. We will write a custom essay sample on Chevrolet Europe or any similar topic only for you Order Now GM and its strategic partners produce cars and trucks in 34 countries, and sell and service these vehicles through the following brands: Buick, Cadillac, Chevrolet, GMC, GM Daewoo, Holden, Opel, Vauxhall and Wuling.GM’s largest national market is the United States, followed by China, Brazil, Germany, the United Kingdom, Canada, and Italy. GM’s OnStar subsidiary is the industry leader in vehicle safety, security and information services. 2. CASE SITUATION AND GOALS This section covers two aspects of corporate strategy that influence the marketing plan: the company’s mission, and the company’s goals. Mission:As General Motors’ corporate strategy to market GM Daewoo vehicles under the Chevrolet brand in Asia (except South Korea), South American, and North American in 2003, the Project Midas team was assigned responsibility for marketing the brand conversion from GM Daewoo to Chevrolet in the European passenger car market. Patricia Messar, the director for brand and marketing at Chevrolet Europe, assembled the Project Midas group and first take respond to the Chevrolet brand positioning. Goals: * Nonfinancial goalsTo launch Chevrolet brand in Europe, we have to be accomplished with the existing GM Daewoo policy and capital, which include the production line, carry-over names for individual product models, and the same dealers and operating policies and practices. In this Chevrolet positioning, firs t we need to resonate with European car buyers. Secord, as corporate global marketing strategy, we need to complement General Motors’ multi-brand portfolio in Europe and third, we need to be consistent with the global perception of the Chevrolet brand. * Financial goalsThe financial goals are simple for Chevrolet. First, we need to achieve 1% for the Chevrolet brand in the European market in 2005. Second, we have a 75 million euro media budget. 3. Marketing Analysis and Situation A. The size, scope and share of the market Europe is the largest passenger car producer in the world Main market: Total new passenger car registrations in Europe in 2003 were 4. 4% lower than 2000. The 2003 the total European passenger car market size was 15,520,755 units. Industry analysts in Europe were forecasting a 1-2% annual increase in new car registrations for 2004 and 2005.So we can assume the market size will at least increase to 15,675,962. 55 units. Fig 1. 1 Manufacturers and Brand Market Shares in Europe: 1999-2003 2001 and 2002, in these two years, because of the economic situation, automobile industry facing a very strong impact and keep declining. However, in chart 1. 1, we can see that two kinds of car manufacturing company have a distinctly increase market share in 2001 and 2002. These two kinds of car companies are French-based company- Peugeot Group and Renault, and Japanese Manufacturers.In the long run, the European passenger car buyers believe that French-based company’s brands stand for innovation and comfort. While their competition of Japanese’s brands of automobiles stand for cost-effectiveness, and dependability. So we can get a hint that consumer tend to purchase a car with more innovations, comfort and cost-effectiveness. Competitor: Our exit-target customer group for Daewoo brand is the traditional blue collar segment includes skilled blue-collar workers who are flexible in their brand selection and willing to spend money on cars. In this area, our ain competitors are Ford, Fiat, Peugeot, Renault, and Volkswagen’s Skoda. Fig: Brand market share (%) Ford: Ford’s market share keeps dropping from 8. 9-8. 6%. According to European car buyer perceptions of cars, American cars are too big, huge, large shape, less appealing design, and big engines have less attraction in the European market. Peugeot, Renault, Volkswagen: Through many years operating in Europe, these three manufacturers have a very good reputation and loyalty from consumer groups. The middle class group market is highly competitive and has very little price range.Potential market analysis: According to market statistical data of General Motor Europe Market share by country and Brand 2001-2003, we have two main conclusions: A. Our best areas of sales are from less economically developed countries. The top five countries in sales of our brand Daewoo are Southeast Europe2. 77%, Greece 2. 4%, Netherlands 1. 76%, Spain 1. 63, Italy 1. 5%, and Czech/Slovak Rep 1. 41%. From this data, we can find that the countries with the best sales of Daewoo’s brand are less economically developed in Europe.The GM Daewoo brand unit sales increased to 132,200 units in 2003, which were the most sales in southeastern European countries. This also indicates that most of the Daewoo brand customers belong to lower middle class. B. Highly developed and strong brand dependency areas. In 2003, according to Daewoo brand market share data, Daewoo brand has the lowest market share in these five countries: France 0. 22%, Norway 0. 33%, Sweden 0. 35%, Germany 0. 39%, and Austria 0. 4%. * Daewoo is not suit for a high quality of life area for like France, Norway, and Sweden. Germany consumers have a strong brand dependency. 4. Consumer behavior analysis: A. Who is our consumer for the Daewoo brand? The consumer for our Daewoo brand is the lower middle class. Those customers have an acceptable income, and also spend money on cars. The core customers of GM Daewoo were loyal to the brand, and tended to be traditional in their value orientation. B. What is the image of GM Daewoo in our customer’s mind? Since the launch of the Daewoo Matiz in 1998, most of our customers think Daewoo is reliable, a very good value for what you spend, and most of all beautiful. But Daewoo was also a symbol of cheap imported products. C. What kind of cars are our customers are expecting? GM Daewoo customers wanted a cost-effective, but expressive means of transportation. As such they wanted something practical, but distinctive from a car. A car is not a status for them. 5. Media advertising analysis: The most heavily advertised consumer products in Europe are passenger car. One of the reasons why the Peugeot group is able to keep increasing their market share in the previous two years is their large advertising budget.In 2002, Peugeot spend 859 million dollars in advertising and gained 15. 45% share of voice (not sure what you mean). In 2003, Peugeot spend 791 million dollars in advertising and gained a 14. 11% share of voice. With these large advertising expenditures, Peugeot market share increased 3% in the past four years. Share of voice represents the media spending of a particular brand or company when compared to others in a product category or industry. The percent of share of voice is directly related to the advertising expenditure. See Fig 1. 3 Fig 1. 3 (money in millions, US dollar)Through this chart, we can distinctly find a linear relation. The media budget for Midas project group is 75 million euro ($84. 75 million). We can optimistically expect a 1. 52% share of voice in 2005 6. SWOT analysis Internal factor: GM Chevrolet Strengths: * Good design/distinctive. * Great value for the money/Good equipment at a low price * Various product ranges. * Offer diesel-powered engine models in each car segment. * Improve workmanship(compare to Daewoo) * Comfortable design style GM Chevrolet weakness: * Hard to repair * Poor dealership European passenger car buyer perceptions of American cars * Relatively poor workmanship (Daewoo’s product line)* No diesel engines(Daewoo’s product line) * The lack of any significant marketing or product development initiatives. * Lack of brand advertising * Low product awareness GM Chevrolet opportunities: * Japanese brands trading up-leaving room on the lower price end of the market * The GM umbrella * Market share available in lower middle class level * A clean slate upon which to position the Chevrolet brand * Loyal Daewoo customer resource GM Chevrolet threats: Erosion of value for the mone y * Transition from Daewoo to Chevrolet creating confusion and poor satisfaction among current customer base Positioning analysis: GM has three different brands of cars in the European passage car market. Those brands cover different levels of income, classes, and combine a strongly competitive strength 1) Saab was positioned as a brand that offers modern independent-minded customers an alternative premium embodied in cars that are progressive, sporty, and surprisingly practical. 2)Opel/ Vauxhall focus on the middle class with a traditional value orientation )Daewoo, which we are going to replace, is targeting the lower middle class. To avoid conflict with the other two GM brands. We need to enhance our market position in the lower middle class and use the new brand awareness advantage to develop a new customer group. Targeting customer level: Chevrolet’s brand targets different customers and should be different with Saab and Opel/ Vauxhall. The brand should also pay close attention to those areas open to foreign brands. Moreover, based on the lower middle customer need, develop different styles for different customer value chains. ) Lower middle class (Daewoo customer) In this level, we have a certain number of customers from Daewoo and we keep a certain market share. If we use an appropriate adverting strategy, we can keep those customer resources and develop our potential customer. 2) Lower middle class tend to post materialism Younger or middle-age people who are educated have a lower income or live with their family. They do not have too much money that they can spend on car, but they tend to purchase a car which is practical and also can present individual character. 3) Middle class tend to post materialismIn this level, conventional modern mainstream is targeting potential customer groups. This segment consists of younger, middle class car owners who are mostly well educated with above-average incomes, and bridges the modern and postmodern value orientation. They tend to spend more money on cars and are open to considering new or â€Å"other brands†. Other brands, which include American brands such as Chevrolet, have an opportunity in this level. We can also use our advantage in price to gradually enter this level. * Uniform car preferences across national boundaries:Action plan: Chevrolet replaces Daewoo in Europe market Advantage: * A clean brand image to create * Do not have the brand image of bankruptcy. * Not related with all Korean brands depreciation * Valuable customer information and channel which gain from Daewoo * Join the GM Europe brand strategy Disadvantage: * Transition to GM creating confusion and poor satisfaction record among current customer base * Risk of losing core customers * Lack of brand awareness 1) Interior factors to improve: Based on exiting Daewoo product line, improve workmanship, product line.Enhance car reliable. Style design more focus on European buyer’s need. E. g. reduce fuel consumption, and small or compact car style. Develop and perfect dealership, establish a health distribution channel. Retraining dealer staff, enhance service and introduce the different between Daewoo and Chevrolet. 2) Develop different style car for our target customer : One very important weakness of Daewoo is limited product range. Based on the Daewoo exiting model, improve style, design, and develop more style to meet our potential customers’ needs. For tradition lower middle class: ( Daewoo customer group) First, design a car similar to the most popular Daewoo Martiz style.This allows the Daewoo core customers to realize that the new Chevrolet brand is still keeping the smart, beautiful style that was seen in the Daewoo Martiz. Make little different and add some innovation. Second, the lower middle class style of this car should focus more on cost-effectiveness, comfort, and offer diesel-power and gasoline-power. Third, advertising strategy should focus on our improved workmanship, and that we are still a GM corporate product. For lower and middle class tend to post materialism: In this level requirement, we offer two different sized car styles: This level requirement of car first is comfort and has enough interior space for family. Second, the outlook of the car should enhance the personal character which is post materialism, offer diesel-power as well as gasoline-power, and also offer a small compact version as well. This would allow for two different sizes of cars for different ages of consumers- younger and middle-age * For middle class tend to post materialismThis is a very important potential market customer group. Conventional modern mainstream customer, they are younger, middle middle customer, and variable brand selection include American brand. We can focus on the style need of this level of customers. A challenger style which is breaking through is possible for post material value orientation, but has a cost-effectiveness, and decent quality design. Advertising strategy: 1) For Daewoo customer: Focus advertising areas: less economically developed countries.Customer trait: blue-collar worker, lower middle class, lower income, brand loyalty. Advertising ways: For those lower income or blue-collar workers, we can put our advertising on those normal TV show, beside that, we have a advantage of customer information which from Daewoo. So, we can directly send a try-driving invitation which can let they feel the different and better quality compare to Daewoo. Television, try-driving invitation directly mail, broadcast, national try-driving action in local dealer store. Advertising title: â€Å"time to upgrade! †, â€Å"you try, you know difference! †. Notices to Daewoo customer group that Daewoo now upgrade to Chevrolet. Focus on telling customer that the essential Daewoo parts still remain and we upgrade its quality. This is the car which is more practical and cost-effective. 2) For new marketing customer: Focus advertising areas: Europe but focus on middle economically developed countries. Customer trait: middle class, middle income, post materialism, younger, personal expression. Advertising ways:Because our targeting customers are tend to different with tradition middle class. They are younger, and sensitive to fashion. Television, internal web advertising, professional magazines and papers, and national try-driving action in local dealer store. Advertising title: â€Å"express yourself! †, â€Å"individual desire †, â€Å"change! †. How to cite Chevrolet Europe, Papers